Organisational psychologist, Harvard

Chris Argyris

Argyris studied why capable people and organisations fail to learn, and described the ladder of inference by which we turn selected data into firm beliefs.

Essential reading: Overcoming Organizational Defenses
Organizational Learning (with Donald Schön)
Models in this guide: 1

No. 072People, Org & Influence
Ladder of Inference
We climb from a few selected facts to firm beliefs in seconds; walk back down the ladder together to resolve disagreement.

Ladder of Inference